The gas-to-liquids (GTL) business is involved in the chemical conversion of stranded natural gas feedstocks to liquid products such as transportation fuels and chemicals. Insofar as beneficial processing of the world’s huge resource base of stranded natural gas is concerned, GTL processing is a relatively recent R&D focus of the petrochemical industry. Development of commercial-scale GTL plants, utilizing stranded natural gas is a relatively recent development, too.
 
Liquid GTL products are primarily transportation fuels (and are defined as synthetic fuels) and chemical feedstocks such as methanol, hydrogen, and other petrochemicals. As the terms are presently used in the petrochemical industry, “GTL” and “GTL products” refer mainly to the output of plants (or refineries) that utilize stranded natural gas as feedstock. For that reason, conventional production of chemicals, including high-volume methanol, typically via steam methane reforming (SMR) of non-stranded natural gas, is not a principal focus of this report.
 
The objective of this research report is to provide an up-to-date and critical evaluation of the most dynamic and path breaking aspects of GTL technology and describe how recent breakthroughs in conversion technology have made GTL products competitive with products refined from crude oil. This report discusses the use of GTL processes to produce ultra-clean diesel fuels and high-quality chemical products such as waxes and the role of GTL as an enabling technology for the production of clean transportation fuels.
 
A principal focus of the report are individual company initiatives and R&D focus, Discussed as well is the status of all major GTL projects around the world that utilize stranded gas. Included are descriptions of technologies and products, and a forecast of the GTL market through 2014. The report quantifies demand for GTL by type of output, application, and production technology. A significant component of this report analyzes competitive synthetic fuel concepts, as the commercial success of competitive synthetic fuel concepts will weigh heavily on the ultimate trajectory of the GTL business. These competitive fuels include those derived from coal-to-liquids (CTL) and biomass-to-liquids (BTL).
 
A significant amount of the world’s natural gas resources are stranded, far from existing markets. Gas-to-liquids technologies can economically convert these resources into high-quality, ultra-low sulfur fuels that can be transported to consumers or used in remote locations.
 
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) processing of synthesis gas has undergone significant improvements in reactor design and product recovery. This has enabled the economic use of stranded natural gas feedstocks in GTL production on the front-end (i.e., the stranded natural gas is the initial feedstock that yields synthesis gas that is then processed via FT). Therefore, GTL fuel production is in a relatively advanced stage of development, with commercial production well demonstrated in, for example, Qatar, Malaysia, and South Africa. Although synthetic fuels can be produced from a range of feedstocks—biomass, coal, and natural gas—the GTL process is at the most advanced stage of commercial development. In addition, GTL utilizes gas resources that either are flared or are currently unmarketable. Synthetic fuel production via GTL processing of stranded gas is approximately 100,000 barrels per day (bbl/d), and it is estimated that as many as 10 large-scale GTL plants will be in operation over the next decade, producing as much as 1 million barrels per day (Mbbl/d) of GTL products.
 
Nearly every major oil company has announced plans to investigate producing synthetic diesel fuel via a GTL process. However, a handful of companies, such as established GTL companies Sasol, Shell, Syntroleum, and Rentech, are the dominant producers. As discussed in this report, though, there are numerous “second-tier” companies that have sizable GTL support operations in engineering, design, plant construction, ancillaries, and related activities. Generally, research and development are improving the efficiency and economics of GTL production as well as quantifying the costs and benefits of production and use of GTL fuel in vehicles.
 
GTL derived fuels do have competition in the market, and these competitors include low-grade and synthetic petroleum (e.g., from tar sands in Canada) CTL, biofuels, electricity (EVs), and hydrogen. Although liquid fuels could be increasingly supplied by low-quality and synthetic petroleum, such as tar sands, due to the sheer size of readily accessible resources and the available technologies to turn such resources into liquid fuel, those fuels have much higher GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions than conventional petroleum, as well as GTL and predicts that this will be a highly significant negative factor in terms of product demand. Currently, production capacity for fossil-based “alternative” fuels is about 2.5 Mbbl/d, of which the largest portion is tar sands and extra-heavy oil production. This, of course, far exceeds present GTL output.
 
These fossil-based “alternative” fuels now account for only 3% of global oil production but could double within the next 5 years. However, environmental mandates could be a significant force behind growing utilization of GTL for chemical and energy production. Higher-purity transportation fuels, such as ultra-low sulfur diesel, will become mandatory in most jurisdictions. GTL will offer both petroleum refiners and automakers flexibility to meet international agreements. In addition, GTL derived fuel may have a slight GHG emission advantage.
 
With its broad scope and in-depth analyses, this study will prove to be a valuable resource, particularly for anyone involved with or interested in the synthetic transportation fuels market. It will be particularly useful for researchers, laboratory and government personnel working in research or company settings, as well as business professionals, such as marketing managers, strategic planners, forecasters, new product and business developers, who are involved with most aspects of the liquids fuels industry. It also will be of value to potential investors and members of the general public who are interested in acquiring a business-oriented view of GTL and the synthetic fuels business. The projections, forecasts, and trend analyses found in this report provide readers with the necessary data and information for decision making.
 
In preparing this report, an overall study of the GTL market was undertaken. All areas of the GTL market are addressed, including identification of current and future technologies, product types, and market segments/end markets. Legislation and government and regulatory agency involvement are analyzed. The producing companies are discussed in light of technological strengths and weaknesses, market shares, marketing strengths, and innovative marketing practices.
 
This report, which is divided into seven sections, assesses and evaluates the demand and costs of GTL in the chemical and energy production markets. It begins with an overview that describes the importance of the GTL industry in relation to the overall U.S. economy, including a brief history and important indications for the GTL industry. Major products and applications are reviewed, and key findings from the study are presented.
 
Environmental and energy regulations as they apply to GTL are discussed. The structure of the GTL industry and competitive aspects are analyzed including the driving forces of the industry. Key strategies for staying competitive and important shifts in the industry are assessed. GTL industry trade practices and the impact of GTL on the oil industry are covered.
 
GTL markets by product type are evaluated, including synthetic fuels and chemicals. These are quantified with forecasts through 2014. Competing markets for gas are discussed including liquefied natural gas (LNG) and natural gas liquids (NGL). GTL technology is presented by covering patents and markets and investments by technology type. These technology types include Shell middle distillate synthesis (SMDS), Sasol slurry phase distillate (SSPD), Exxon’s advanced gas conversion technology 21st Century (AGC-21), Syntroleum process (SP), and Rentech. International GTL aspects also are considered, and major overseas companies involved in GTL processes and their activities also are assessed.

This report:

• Covers use of gas-to-liquid (GTL) processes for chemical and energy production is projected to make a rapid advance in the next few years as even more stringent environmental legislation is enforced.
  
• Analyzes methane-derived liquid fuels and chemicals and develops demand scenarios.
  
• Assesses the role of gas-to-liquids as an enabling technology for the production of high-quality clean transportation fuels and chemicals.
  
• Quantifies demand for GTL by type of product, application and production technology, and the relationships between major consumers and producers.
  
• Assesses the use of gas-to-liquids as feedstocks for premium chemicals and energy production during the period 2007-2012.
  
• Reviews the impact of offshore activity on gas-to-liquids chemicals demand in the U.S. and worldwide.
  
• Includes quantitative market forecasts, market share data, company profiles, patent analyses and more.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter- 1: SUMMARY

  

    
MAJOR FINDINGS
  
  

    
KEY FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY
  
  

    
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST OF PRODUCTS PRODUCED   VIA GTL WITH COMPARISONS TO CTL AND BTL, THROUGH 2014 ($   BILLIONS)
  
  

    
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST OF PRODUCTS   PRODUCED VIA GTL WITH COMPARISONS TO CTL AND BTL, 2007–2014 ($   BILLIONS)
  



Chapter- 2: OVERVIEW

  

    
TABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD STRANDED NATURAL GAS   RESOURCES BY REGION, 2008 (PERCENT DISTRIBUTION)
  
  

    
CARBON REGULATIONS AND GTL MARKET   PROSPECTS
  
  

    
FACTORS DRIVING ADOPTION OF GTL   PROCESSES
  
  

    
OVERVIEW OF RECENT ACTIVITY
  
  

    
TABLE 2 KEY EXAMPLES OF GTL DEMONSTRATION   PLANTS
  
  

    
SASOL
  
  

    
RENTECH
  
  

    
SYNTROLEUM
  
  

    
MODEC
  
  

    
WORLD GTL
  
  

    
BHP BILLITON
  
  

    
EXXON
  
  

    
SHELL
  
  

    
QATAR AND EGYPT: MAJOR FOCUS FOR GTL   PROJECTS
  
  

    
PROJECT LIST
  
  

    
TABLE 3 LIST OF PRINCIPAL GTL PLANTS AROUND THE   WORLD
  
  
  

    
HISTORY OF THE GTL INDUSTRY
  
  

    
FIGURE 1 GTL PRODUCTION OPTIONS, TRANSPORTATION FUELS,   AND CHEMICALS
  
  

    
TABLE 4 CURRENT WORLD COMMERICAL SYNFUELS CAPACITY   (BBL/D)
  
  

    
TABLE 5 COMPARATIVE MERITS AND DRAWBACKS OF   FT
  
  

    
PRINCIPAL GTL PRODUCTION PROCESSES
  
  

    
SHELL SMDS
  
  
  

    
SASOL GTL PROCESSES
  
  
  

    
SASOL CTL PLANTS
  
  

    
STATOIL AND PETROSA
  
  

    
RENTECH
  
  
  

    
EXXONMOBIL’S ADVANCED GAS CONVERSION
  
  

    
SYNTROLEUM
  
  

    
BP PILOT PLANT IN ALASKA
  
  

    
CHOREN INDUSTRIES
  
  

    
SYNFUELS INTERNATIONAL
  
  

    
CANMET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER - CETC SUPERCETANE   TECHNOLOGY
  
  
  

    
COMPACT GTL
  
  
  

    
LNG MARKETS AND CTL
  
  
  

    
COAL TO LIQUIDS
  
  

    
National Energy Technology Laboratory   Study
  
  

    
Baard Energy CTL Plant
  
  

    
TABLE 6 OPERATING AND PLANNED LARGE COAL GASIFICATION/CTL   PLANTS STATUS AS OF 2008
  
  
  

    
GTL TECHNOLOGIES
  
  

    
INTRODUCTION
  
  
  

    
GTL OUTPUTS
  
  
  

    
REFORMING
  
  

    
Adiabatic Prereforming
  
  

    
Tubular (or Primary) Reforming
  
  

    
Advanced Reforming
  
  

    
Sulfur-Passivated Reforming
  
  

    
Autothermal Reforming (Catalytic Partial   Oxidation)
  
  

    
Two-Step Reforming or Combined Tubular/Secondary   Reforming
  
  

    
Heat Exchange Reforming
  
  

    
HYDROGEN SHIFT CONVERSION AND   METHANATION
  
  

    
SHIFT CONVERSION
  
  

    
METHANATION
  



Chapter- 3: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE DEVELOPMENTS

  

    
TIER 1- LARGE DEVELOPERS/PATENT HOLDERS
  
  

    
BHP BILLITON
  
  

    
BP
  
  

    
CHEVRON CORP.
  
  

    
CONOCOPHILLIPS CO.
  
  

    
EXXONMOBIL
  
  

    
IVANHOE ENERGY
  
  

    
MARATHON OIL CO.
  
  

    
METHANEX CORP.
  
  

    
PETROSA
  
  

    
RENTECH, INC.
  
  

    
REPSOL
  
  

    
ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
  
  

    
SASOL CHEVRON
  
  

    
SASOL SYNFUELS INTERNATIONAL (SSI)
  
  

    
STATOIL
  
  

    
SYNTROLEUM CORP.
  
  

    
TOTAL
  
  
  

    
TIER 2 - COMPONENT AND ENGINEERING SERVICES   SUPPLIERS
  
  

    
ABB LUMMUS GLOBAL GMBH
  
  

    
AIR LIQUIDE GROUP
  
  

    
AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
  
  

    
AMEC PROCESS AND ENERGY, LTD.
  
  

    
AXENS
  
  

    
BASF CORP.
  
  

    
BLACK &VEATCH HOLDING CO.
  
  

    
CHICAGO BRIDGE AND IRON CO.
  
  
  

    
CRYOMECH, INC.
  
  

    
DELTA HUDSON ENGINEERING, LTD.
  
  

    
DESCON ENGINEERING CO., INC.
  
  

    
DOW CHEMICAL CO.
  
  

    
ELTRON RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT, INC.
  
  

    
FLUOR CORP.
  
  
  

    
FMC TECHNOLOGIES
  
  

    
FOSTER WHEELER CORP.
  
  
  

    
HALDOR TOPSØE A/S
  
  

    
INTEGRATED CONCEPTS AND RESEARCH CORP.   (ICRC)
  
  

    
JAPAN OIL, GAS, AND METALS NATIONAL CORP.   (JOGMEC)
  
  

    
JOHNSON MATTHEY CATALYSTS
  
  

    
KINETICS TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL CORP. (KTI),   INC.
  
  

    
THE LINDE GROUP
  
  

    
LURGI AG
  
  

    
MODEC, INC. (MITSUI OCEAN DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING   CO., LTD)
  
  

    
NIPPON STEEL
  
  

    
OXFORD CATALYSTS
  
  
  

    
PALL CORP.
  
  

    
PRAXAIR, INC.
  
  

    
SIEMENS
  
  

    
STORK BV
  
  

    
SYNFUELS INTERNATIONAL
  
  

    
TECHNIP
  
  

    
UOP-HONEYWELL
  
  

    
TIER 3 - DEVELOPMENT STAGE COMPANIES
  
  

    
ARKENOL
  
  

    
BAARD ENERGY, LLC
  
  

    
CARBON SCIENCES, INC.
  
  

    
COMPACTGTL, PLC
  
  

    
HYDROGENICS CORP.
  
  

    
POWER ECALENE FUELS, INC. (PEFI)
  
  

    
SYNTHESIS ENERGY SYSTEMS
  
  

    
WORLD GTL
  
  

    
SCIENTIFIC, GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION   ORGANIZATIONS
  
  

    
ALASKA NATURAL RESOURCES TO LIQUIDS,   LLC
  
  

    
ALLIANCE FOR SYNTHETIC FUELS IN EUROPE
  
  

    
ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY (ANL)
  
  

    
CANMET ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER (CETC)
  
  

    
DOE OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY
  
  

    
NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CENTER
  
  

    
IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY (INL)
  
  

    
INSTITUTE FRANÇAIS DU PETROLE (IFP)
  
  

    
LEHIGH UNIVERSITY
  
  

    
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY   (NREL)
  
  

    
OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY (ORNL)
  
  

    
OFFICE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES - DOE
  
  

    
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON
  
  

    
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY
  



Chapter- 4: GTL PRODUCT DEMAND FORECASTS

  

    
PRODUCT OVERVIEW
  
  

    
TABLE 7 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR PRODUCTS PRODUCED VIA   GTL WITH COMPARISONS TO CTL AND BTL, THROUGH 2014 ($ BILLIONS)
  
  

    
TOTAL UNCONVENTIONAL FUELS MARKET
  
  

    
TABLE 8 PROJECTED GLOBAL UNCONVENTIONAL LIQUID FUELS   MARKET, 2005–2014 (MBBL/D)
  
  

    
GTL-FT FUEL DEMAND BY PRODUCT TYPE
  
  

    
DIESEL
  
  

    
GASOLINE
  
  

    
OTHER GTL PRODUCTS
  
  

    
TABLE 9 PROJECTED GLOBAL MARKET FOR FT-GTL TRANSPORTATION   FUELS BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2007–2014 ($ BILLIONS)
  
  

    
FT-GTL CHEMICALS DEMAND BY PRODUCT TYPE
  
  

    
TABLE 10 PROJECTED GLOBAL MARKET FOR FT-GTL CHEMICALS BY   PRODUCT, 2007–2004 ($ BILLIONS)
  
  

    
GTL CHEMICALS PROCESSING
  
  

    
THE METHANOL MARKET
  
  

    
METHANOL TO GASOLINE PROCESSING
  
  
  

    
GTL PRODUCTS - WAXES
  
  
  

    
FUELS THAT WILL COMPETE WITH GTL
  
  

    
GTL COMPETITORS
  
  

    
Alaska North Slope Possible for GTL by   2015
  
  

    
GROWING GLOBAL LNG DEMAND
  
  

    
CHANGING LNG PROJECT ECONOMICS
  
  

    
WORLDWIDE DEMAND FOR NATURAL GAS
  
  

    
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES - EFFECT ON SUPPLY FOR GTL   PLANTS
  
  

    
COAL-TO-LIQUIDS
  
  
  

    
FIGURE 2 FLOW CHART: TWO APPROACHES TO PRODUCING LIQUID   FUELS FROM COALS
  
  

    
CTL PROJECT ECONOMICS
  
  

    
BIOMASS-TO-LIQUIDS DEVELOPMENTS
  
  

    
TABLE 11 COMMERCIAL BIOMASS-BASED GASIFICATION PLANTS,   2008
  
  
  

    
BIOFUELS AND RENEWABLE BIOFUELS
  
  

    
ETHANOL
  
  

    
BIODIESEL
  
  

    
OTHER SYNTHETIC CRUDE OILS
  
  

    
OIL SANDS
  
  

    
EXTRA-HEAVY OIL
  
  

    
SHALE OIL
  



Chapter- 5: REGULATORY DRIVERS-THE MACRO ENVIRONMENT

  

    
EARLY SYNTHETIC FUELS LEGISLATION
  
  

    
2007–2008 DEVELOPMENTS
  
  
  

    
GHGS WILL BECOME A PRIORITY IN LAW AND   REGULATION
  
  

    
STATE INITIAVES RELATIVE TO FUELS’ CO2   EMISSIONS
  
  
  

    
FUEL STANDARDS ARE DRIVING THE ADOPTION OF   GTL
  
  

    
EARLIER INITIATIVES
  
  
  

    
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR GTL RESEARCH AND   DEVELOPMENT
  
  
  

    
SNYGAS RESEARCH FUNDING VIA THE HYDROGEN FUEL   INITIATIVE
  



Chapter- 6: RECENT SIGNIFICANT PATENT ACTIVITY

  

    
TABLE 12 COMPANIES ASSIGNED MULTIPLE U.S. PATENTS   RELATING TO GTL PRODUCTION DURING THE LAST YEAR (NUMBER)
  
  

    
SELECTED PATENTS
  
  

    
CONVERSION PROCESS
  
  

    
HIGH SURFACE AREA, SMALL CRYSTALLITE SIZE CATALYST FOR   FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS
  
  

    
PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOLS FROM SYNTHESIS   GAS
  
  

    
AMMONIA PLANT CONFIGURATION AND METHODS
  
  

    
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING PRODUCTS FROM NATURAL   GAS INCLUDING HELIUM AND LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
  
  

    
METHOD OF GENERATING HYDROCARBON REAGENTS FROM DIESEL,   NATURAL GAS, AND OTHER LOGISTICAL FUELS
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIZING HYDROCARBONS
  
  

    
HIGH PURITY OLEFINIC NAPHTHAS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF   ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR IMPROVING PREREFORMING AND REFORMING OF   NATURAL GAS CONTAINING HIGHER HYDROCARBONS ALONG WITH METHANE
  
  

    
SYNTHESIS GAS AND CARBON DIOXIDE GENERATION   METHOD
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A SUPPORTED   CATALYST
  
  

    
PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING SYNTHETIC LIQUID   HYDROCARBON FUELS
  
  

    
PREPARATION OF TITANIA AND COBALT ALUMINATE CATALYST   SUPPORTS AND THEIR USE IN FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR REMOVING ALUMINUM CONTAMINANTS FROM   FISCHER-TROPSCH FEED STREAMS USING DICARBOXYLIC ACID
  
  

    
HYDROGEN RECOVERY FROM HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS   PROCESSES
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES BY   HYDROISOMERISATION AND HYDROCRACKING FEEDS FROM THE FISCHER-TROPSCH   PROCESS
  
  

    
STABILIZED TRANSITION ALUMINA CATALYST SUPPORT FROM   BOEHMITE AND CATALYSTS MADE THEREFROM
  
  

    
RECOVERY OF ALCOHOLS FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH NAPHTHA AND   DISTILLATE FUELS CONTAINING THE SAME
  
  

    
PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC TRANSPORTATION FUELS FROM   CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL USING SELF-SUSTAINED HYDRO-GASIFICATION
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING SYNTHESIS GAS FOR THE   FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS AND PRODUCING APPARATUS THEREOF
  
  

    
LOW SULPHUR DIESEL FUEL AND AVIATION TURBINE   FUEL
  
  

    
PROCESSES FOR MAKING LUBRICANT BLENDS WITH LOW BROOKFIELD   VISCOSITIES
  
  

    
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF USEFUL   PRODUCTS FROM CARBONACEOUS FEEDSTOCK
  
  

    
PRODUCTION OF LOW SULFUR, MODERATELY AROMATIC DISTILLATE   FUELS BY HYDROCRACKING OF COMBINED FISCHER-TROPSCH AND PETROLEUM   STREAMS
  
  

    
CATALYSTS
  
  

    
FISCHER-TROPSCH COMPOSITION AND PROCESS
  
  

    
SUPPORTED CATALYST
  
  

    
FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST PRODUCTION
  
  

    
PROCESS TO PREPARE A HEAVY AND A LIGHT LUBRICATING BASE   OIL
  
  

    
HYDROPROCESSING METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR USE IN THE   PREPARATION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS
  
  

    
SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF IMPROVING DIESEL FUEL PERFORMANCE   IN COLD CLIMATES
  
  

    
METHOD FOR PRODUCING LONG-CHAIN HYDROCARBONS FROM NATURAL   GAS
  
  

    
FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST, PREPARATION, AND USE   THEREOF
  
  

    
HOMOGENEOUS MODIFIED-ALUMINA FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST   SUPPORTS
  
  

    
BLENDING FOR DENSITY SPECIFICATIONS USING FISCHER-TROPSCH   DIESEL FUEL
  
  

    
OXYGENATE TREATMENT OF DEWAXING CATALYST FOR GREATER   YIELD OF DEWAXED PRODUCT
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR REMOVING CONTAMINANTS FROM FISCHER-TROPSCH   FEED STREAMS
  
  

    
PROCESS TO PREPARE A WAXY RAFFINATE
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES BY   HYDROISOMERISATION AND HYDROCRACKING FEEDS FROM THE FISCHER-TROPSCH   PROCESS
  
  

    
RECEPTION, PROCESSING, HANDLING, AND DISTRIBUTION OF   HYDROCARBONS AND OTHER FLUIDS
  
  

    
PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS
  
  

    
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REGENERATING AN IRON-BASED   FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR CONVERTING GASEOUS ALKANES TO LIQUID   HYDROCARBONS
  
  

    
INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF NATURAL GAS INTO LIQUID   PRODUCTS
  
  

    
GAS-TO-LIQUIDS FACILITY FOR FIXED OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON   PRODUCTION PLATFORMS
  
  

    
MODIFICATION OF A METHANOL PLANT FOR CONVERTING NATURAL   GAS TO LIQUID HYDROCARBONS
  
  

    
PROCESS FOR THE RECOVERY OF OIL FROM A NATURAL OIL   RESERVOIR
  
  

    
APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT LIQUID   HYDROCARBONS FROM METHANE AND/OR NATURAL GAS
  
  

    
MANAGING HYDROGEN IN A GAS TO LIQUID   PLANT
  
  

    
METHOD FOR CONVERTING NATURAL GAS TO LIQUID   HYDROCARBONS